- 20% of Peru’s bullion is mined illegally, depriving the government of an estimated US$305 million in taxes each year (Gardner 2012)
- Loss of governance - increased corruption
- Forced Labor
- Encroachment on the territory of indigenous peoples
- Loss of traditional ecosystem
- Unsustainable economy
- Illegal activities: drug smuggling, human trafficking and money laundering
Header Photograph: February 19, 2019 Cristobal Bouroncle/Pool via REUTERS